Case Study Professional Services, Ics Services Pvt Ltd...

CASE STUDY: IT Professional Services, ICS Services Pty Ltd. The implementation of the CRM is now in disarray. Identify the problems in the acquisition and implementation process that may have contributed to this state of affairs. Why did these problems arise? The case analysis on the CRM implementation at ICS indicates that there are arrays of problems that are evident in respect to such process of CRM implementation. The problems are evident mainly with respect to the acquisition as well as the implementation process of CRM as carried out within organization. The problem in respect to the acquisition of the CRM software that has been considered across the organization, as the case analysis indicates that the CRM software has been chosen mainly because it has been supplied by the friend of David. This has been the major lacking factor in respect to the acquisition of CRM software at ICS because the acquisition of CRM software should be performed after establishing proper compatibility with the existing IT processes and the CRY systems. The acquisition should be carried out after making a detailed analysis of the compatibility of such systems. But in the given case, the CRM integration is carried out just because it has been supplied by th e friend of David, and this is the major loopholes with respect to this acquisition strategy. Apart from the problems in respect to the acquisition part, there are problems being evident with regard to the implementation of CRM systemsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Distribution Channel of Reliance Communications11560 Words   |  47 Pages | |2.6) performance of company 47 | |3) Objectives of study research methodology 50 | |3.1) Objectives of study 51 | | Read MoreMahindra Case Study4851 Words   |  20 PagesIBS Hyderabad | Mahindra amp; Mahindra’s Global Diversification Strategies | A Business Strategy Case Study | | Group-9: | Het MavaniHarshit ShethJuhi KashyapJayeeta DuttaHemanta PoudyalHeena GoelKanishk Sharma | 12-Aug-13 | This document is a synopsis of the full case study. | Table of Contents 1. ABSTRACT 4 2. 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Written Words Used as Propaganda Free Essays

Written Word Used as Propaganda The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave is an account of Frederick Douglass’ life written in a very detached and objective tone. One might find this normal for a historical account of the events of someone’s life if not for the fact that the narrative was written by Frederick Douglass himself. Frederick Douglass used this tone purposefully in an attempt to use his narrative as propaganda to convince others to join in the abolitionist’s movement. We will write a custom essay sample on Written Words Used as Propaganda or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Donna Woolfolk Cross in â€Å"Propaganda: How not to be Bamboozled,† propaganda is â€Å"simply a means of persuasion† (149). She further notes that we are subjected daily to propaganda in one form or another as advertisers, politicians, and even our friends attempt to persuade us to use their product, vote for them, or adopt their point of view. Propaganda is usually considered in a negative sense. However, when viewing propaganda as just persuasion, one can readily appreciate that it is neither good nor evil; the good/evil effect is the direct result of the purpose for which it is used. Politicians and leaders have used propaganda to further their goals; Hitler’s use of propaganda as a means of controlling the population of Germany is the most recognizable example of propaganda used for evil. Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, in which he urges non-violent resistance in the cause of racial equality, portrays persuasion used with good intentions. Although speeches are highly effective at delivering ideas, the written word can be even more influential. In the early days of America, literature was used extensively as a means of persuasion. As early as 1589 Richard Hakluyt published stories in a book he wrote for the sole purpose of persuading people to sail to America and settle land. These stories which were told to Hakluyt by captains and sailors appeared to be straightforward and narrative, however Hakluyt edited each piece so that he was able to successfully persuade the people who read his stories to sail to America and settle the land thus securing critical natural resources for England. Such was the goal with the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Douglass’ objective was to appeal to the middle-class people of that time and persuade them to join in the movement. Although the Narrative was ostensibly written to prove that Douglass had actually been a slave, Douglass, working for the abolitionist group headed by William Lloyd Garrison, wrote for a specific audience: white Puritan Christians whom the abolitionists hoped to convert to their way of thinking. Thus, what began as a telling of his life experiences evolved into a tool of persuasion. As with all propaganda, Douglass’ Narrative contains certain elements that appeal to the emotions of the reader. Douglass’ writing style was descriptive as well as convincing. This emotional hold allows the writer to sway the opinion of the reader. His horrific details of the time, helped him grasp the attention of the women who he hoped in turn would convince their husbands to help, by donating money and eventually ending slavery. He used his words effectively in convincing the readers that the slave owners were inhuman and showed how they had no feelings for other human beings as evident when he wrote: ‘The louder she screamed the harder he whipped; and where the blood ran fastest, there he whipped longest† (Douglass25). Although a self-taught writer and orator, Douglass makes use of sophisticated elements of persuasive writing. Simultaneously, he chooses these events for how they will affect the Northern audience’s opinion of Southern slaveholders. Considering the fact that this was written during the height of the abolition movement the novel had to be effective in order to advance the success of the movement. The distant tone was effective because if Douglass had written with an impassioned tone, readers would have noticed it and simply wrote it off as a biased work, unable to see the issue from both sides. Through personal anecdotes, Douglass draws an accurate picture of slave life. Douglass also shows that slavery was not a constant source of pain and suffering: â€Å"I was not old enough to work in the fields, and there being little else than field work to do, I had a great deal of leisure time,† (Douglass 71). This is effective in proving his point because it allows him to show the whole of slavery and not be biased in his views. Douglass uses family relationships, starting with his own birth, to gain the compassion of his target audience. â€Å"Frequently, before the child has reached its twelfth month, its mother is taken from it, and hired out on some farm a considerable distance off, and the child is placed under the care of an old woman, too old for field labor† (749). Douglass mentions this particular anecdote to specifically capture the compassion of his targeted audience; white women. In Douglass’ autobiography however, the elements alone do not prove his intent to write for any reason other than to prove his background as a slave and defend his credibility against the critics of the abolitionists that charge that Douglass could never have been born a slave as he claimed (McKivigan 18). The most convincing argument for the contention that this was written as propaganda is the manner in which the persuasive elements are used. The body of the narrative is written in a simple and straightforward manner; the story is told quite matter-of-factly, even the horrific scenes of the cruel beatings and killings of slaves. This lack of histrionics is true even when the targets of the overseers’ whips are Douglass’ own family members. Yet, when Douglass speaks of Southern Christianity defending slavery, he works himself into a fury of emotion and uses the more obvious elements of propaganda. When he writes of the religious practices and hypocrisy of the same slaveholders, he again reverts to persuasive rhetoric. Some chapters are genuine throughout, while others contain much propaganda. One segment in particular, that having to do with the fate of his grandmother, is written in a style that is not consistent with the rest of the book. Rather, extremely histrionic, in which the believable, factual Douglass disappears, and is replaced by someone writing solely for effect â€Å"My dear old grandmother, whom you turned out like an old horse to die in the woods-is she still alive?.. Send me my grandmother! † (Preston 167). It appears that Frederick Douglass did begin his autobiography with the intention of writing his story in a realistic manner; the basic narrative bears that out. But in the course of writing his intent strayed, and he became aware of the power that could be unleashed by inflaming the emotions of readers. Undoubtedly encouraged in his use persuasive rhetoric on an oratory level, he eventually created a masterpiece of propaganda. Works Cited Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. New York: Signet, 1968. Douglass, Frederick. A Slaves Family Life†. Thinking and Writing About Literature. A Text and Anthology. Ed. Michael Meyer. New York: Bedford/St. Martins, 2001. 749. Cross, Donna Woolfolk. â€Å"Propaganda: How not to be Bamboozled. † Language Awareness. Ed. Paul Escholz, et al. New York: St Martins Press, 1994. 149. McKivigan, John R. , ed. Frederick Douglass. People Who Made History. Michigan: Greenhaven Press/Thomas Gale, 2004. Preston, Dickson J. Young Fredrick Douglass The Maryland Years. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980. How to cite Written Words Used as Propaganda, Papers

Three Day Road Chapter Notes free essay sample

How? -It is the summer of what year? (1919) -She feels conspicuous and unwelcome in the white man’s town. -What is the great surprise awaiting Niska? (Xavier returns alive, not E) -On p. 7, we learn of Xavier’s addiction. How do we learn this? -Niska is taking X home from the white man’s town, into the bush where she lives. It will be a â€Å"three-day paddle home† down river towards Hudson’s Bay (8). -Style: Niska speaks to us in English, but Boyden makes her speak in an informal but more natural-sounding dialect that is characterized by short sentences, comma splices, â€Å"me† instead of â€Å"I†, and figurative language (see below). Figurative language: â€Å"†¦ the iron nose that sniffs the track† (4) â€Å"It whistles like a giant eagle screaming†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (4) â€Å"†¦ [his eyes] are like the dark river in the sun† (7) Conclusion: Xavier has â€Å"come home only to die† (9). Chapter 2: Arrival (10-24) -Xavier is the speaker in this chapter. He stays outside his aunt’s teepee, still basking in the warmth of his morphine, and begins telling his story of first arriving on the front lines in Flanders (near Saint-Eloi, probably in 1916). We meet members of his section, including Lieutenant Breech, Sergeant McCann, Fats, Sean Patrick and Grey Eyes. E and X distinguish themselves by helping their platoon find their way to the Canadian frontline camp. We understand quickly that they are the best soldiers in their section, and respected by McCaan. -In turn, how do we know that X respects Sgt. McCaan? (18/19) -How do we know X’s childhood has prepared him well for battle? (Listens to shells/hunts w/ E/moccasins) -X is a keen judge of character and his situation (14,16) -Now in the Canadian camp, the new soldiers sure shunned by the veterans. Nevertheless, X meets Smithy, a sniper, who shows respect for the newcomer and is unfazed by X’s aboriginal status. We see that war can erode (though not entirely remove) social stratification and racism. -Reference is made to Peggy (Francis Pegahmagabow), the great Ojibwa sniper of WW1. Being solitary is Peggy’s asset, and his problem. We’ll see this with X and E, too (24). Chapter 3: Trenches (25-33) -Xavier continues to be the speaker in this chapter. He continues his story of his first weeks up at the frontline†¦. -We are introduced to two more members of the section, Graves and Gilberto (the latter has as many problems speaking English as Xavier). We also meet Corporal Thompson, who has become the section’s newest NCO. He trains his new soldiers – esp. an observant X – about how to survive in the trenches. They learn about recognizing different kinds of shells, how to keep one eye closed against night flares, and where to run to during a bombardment (the freshest craters). -We are introduced to periscopes, the Ross rifles amp; shields used by snipers, and the duckboards at the bottom of the trenches. -On their first night mission into No Man’s Land, E and X hear something â€Å"like mice chewing† (31). It’s the sound of Canadian engineers digging tunnels underground. X is almost shot before his return: â€Å"It is real. All of this is suddenly very real. The other side wants to kill me, and I’ve never even seen their faces† (33). Chapter 4: My Father (34-49) -Niska speaks in this chapter. Xavier is struggling with his morphine addiction and memories of war, so she begins to tell him (and us) a story from her youth. It focuses on her last winter with her father, just as she enters puberty. -There is a focus on storytelling as a means of healing: It is the story of my childhood. Now I tell it to you, Xavier, to keep you alive. (35) -We are introduced to Rabbit [The nickname of Niskas sister (Xaviers mother)], as well as Niskas mother. -They live in conical lodges called askinkans, which we call teepees. -Niska has inherited her fathers ability to foretell the future, usually through epileptic fits that isolate her from the rest of her community. -The central story is of Niskas early adolescence. It is the winter during which she enters puberty. Her Oji-Cree Anishnabe clan of roughly 30 people still live near Hudsons Bay, in the wilderness. The winter is a harsh one, with few animals to trap and eat. They are reluctantly forced to consume a young hibernating bear, who they regard as a spiritual brother (38). Niskas father, a medicine man and a spiritual leader of the clan, argues that they have no choice but to eat or starve (37). Nothing it should be added, is to be wasted. A young man named Micah leaves with his wife and child for better hunting. Their expedition proves disastrous, as Micah ends up freezing to death while fishing. His wife is forced into cannibalism (42) on behalf of herself and her child. -The wife returns to her clan, but she and her child slip into madness. This madness is personified as the windigo, a mythical wild beast 20 feet tall (44). Niskas father is forced to kill them (45). Niska is made to watch; she will eventually inherit her fathers gifts, social role and must understand the responsibilities of leadership. This event coincides and intertwines- with Niskas first menstruation. A symbol of maturity is inextricably linked with the sorrow and responsibility of adulthood. -Niska desperately wants to possess her father gifts (46); she also realizes her gifts and responsibilities will be shared by one more. We see an example of foreshadowing: I am the second to last in a long time of windigo killers. There is still one more (48). -However, at the end of the chapter, her father is taken away by the HBC men for the murder of the mother and child; he dies soon after in prison. -Niska notes the bitter irony of the Cree helping the White Men (wemisikoshiw), who eventually take over the Cree land. Chapter 5: Fire (50-61) We return to Xaviers point of view. Xavier asks his aunt to stop paddling, he remembers the spot on the river and begins telling us his story of how Elijah and himself paddled southward (upriver) to volunteer for the Canadian army a few years earlier. Much of the chapter explains their experience paddling through the forest fire; the fire is an obvious portent or omen of what awaits the two young men. -We learn more about Elijah: -He lives for what the day will bring (52). -Elijah has spent much more time with the White Man, and is much more adept at the English language than Xavier (59) -At the same time, he is less experienced in the brush that Xavier; he often looks to Xavier for re-assurance (57). Xavier must look out for Elijah: I will protect him. It is what I do, what I have always tried to do (58). -Elijah has a strained relationship with Xavier; his esteem is based in large part on his competitiveness with Xavier. -The language and competiveness are brought together on page 58 amp;59. -We learn more about Xavier, and his horrific though brief experience in residential school (56) -Xavier says, I made the decision to do t his (58). What decision is he taking responsibility for? (Enlisting) -There are multiple references to dreams, as if Xavier is not quite sure he is awake or asleep. 52,60,61) Chapter 6: Raiding Party (62-75) We continue with Xavier’s point of view, but we return to the story of X and E’s experience on the Western Front. The central part of the this chapter is their first raiding party in the craters of No Man’s Land. * A young soldier, Gerald, is court-martialled and executed for falling asleep at his sentry post. The execution is botched and an officer must shoot Gerald in the head with his revolver (63-64). * We read about new weapons of war: * poison gas and gas masks (64). * German â€Å"potato masher† grenades (65) * Lewis guns and Mills bombs (grenades) (67) X and E are part of a raiding party, aiming to avenge an earlier German trench raid and scout out the control of large craters in the middle of No Man’s Land. * Thompson continues to teac h by example (with charcoal for camouflage); Thompson, according to X, is â€Å"very much an Indian this way† (67). * X, E, Thompson and Graves (an older veteran of the Boer War) spend a night in a crater close to German lines. In the morning, waiting at the top of the crater, X and E kill German soldiers by lobbing grenades back into the crater. Xavier realizes what has happened: â€Å"I have killed someone now† (75). X and E appear to be gaining respect from Thompson for their soldiering abilities, but we also see an important distinction between the two Cree friends at the end of the chapter. Thompson asks E about the fighting (and if E likes the killing), and E responds that it’s in his blood. But X feels left out of the discussion in front of him: â€Å"He didn’t ask me the same question. Does he sense something? How am I different? A strange sensation, one I do not recognize, surges up my spine† (75). Chapter 7: Learning (76-88) For the third chapter in a row, the story is told from Xavier’s point of view. The central part of this chapter is their life in the trenches, including behind the lines. X and E also  begin their training as snipers. Thompson likes working with X and E after the raiding party, and admires their calm under fire. He says to McCann, â€Å"[Y]our two Indians are blessed. They’ve got the charm about them† (79). * Our understanding of the tension between X and E continues to grow. We learn about another incident during basic training where E uses his skill with English to get X in trouble with Breech (78). * X  dreams  of home (79). * Grey Eyes tries to tempt E with morphine (80). E turns him down, but X observes that â€Å"Elijah’s eyes told me all I needed to know†. * Target practice (81): Sean Patrick is a good shot and a northern Ontario boy himself a white man who knows the ways of the Ojibwe (81-82). * X is an observant and hard working soldier who knows how to survive: â€Å"I keep my head attached to my body by doing the simple things that it knows to do† (84). * Thompson teaches X and E how to be snipers (85-88). * They learn how to use a scope (85). * X realizes that this is like hunting back home: â€Å"I am made for this, I think to myself† (86). * They learn the art of concealment. X reflects on the superior approach of the Germans (87): they keep their defences irregular, to make it harder to detect their positions. The Canadians, like the British, are all too predictable. Their â€Å"orderly† fortifications make it easy for German snipers to detect differences – and targets. * X spots for  E, who gets his first sniper kill  at the end of the chapter (88). Chapter 8: Captive (89-95) We return to Niska’s story of her adolescence. She and her family are eventually forced to move into Moose Factory, and become dependent on the White Man (in the form of the Hudson’s Bay Company and their soldiers). Niska continues to tell Xavier her story. Talk is all she has; it is her way to help Xavier. Talk and stories and the recovery of identity through storytelling will hopefully release some of â€Å"the poison that courses through him† (89). * Niska’s anger over her father’s premature death runs deep, like a â€Å"hard and bitter seed lodged in the pit of my stomach† (90). * We read about the destruction of aboriginal families because of the residential schools (91). * Rabbit asks to go to the residential school, and Niska is later forced to go. * Niska’s experience at the school is brief but brutal. We learn of her horrible treatment at the hands of the nuns, but Niska maintains her dignity and composure (93). She plots and chooses her â€Å"battles carefully† and then completely shears her hair in defiance of the nuns. * She is confined in the basement, and has visions before she passes out. She foresees her trip with Xavier (94). * At the end of the chapter, her Mom rescues her from a basement cell. Niska’s sister, now named Anne, is lost to them. Niska and her mother – Xavier’s grandmother return to live in the bush. Chapter 9: Competition (96-109) We move back to Xavier’s story. The first part of the chapter shows us that X and E are becoming accomplished snipers, though X is the spotter and E is the actual sniper. In the second half of the chapter, X explains his basic training in Ontario, where he wins a shooting completion. He’s thus a better shot than Elijah, but not necessarily a better killer. * X and E’s exploits are drawing fire from German artillery, and now many men in their company don’t want them near. This isolation is to Xavier’s liking: â€Å"I like it out here away from the trenches anyway. There’s no boredom, no officers to answer to, no stand-to† (97). We see another reference to a â€Å"three-day road† as a path to the one’s death and afterlife (98). In this context, * Elijah kills a wounded German soldier in No Man’s land. * Boche/Fritz/Hun†¦. Tommy? * P. 100: we move back to Basic Training * We learn about poison gas and pissing in handkerchiefs (101). * X is competitive and yearns for respect (pp. 103, 109). * Elijah, according to Xavier, is a â€Å"trickster† (107); â€Å"I am the only one who knows, though, that Elijah has not always gotten by in the world so easily†. * We finally start learning about X and E’s background together. X starts teaching E about surviving in the bush after E leaves residential school. E is clumsy and loud, and causes X to miss killing a fox. E is, nevertheless, eager to learn how to live in the bush (108). * Xavier wins the shooting competition against E and a soldier who’s returned from the front. He’s the only one to light a match with a bullet. He finally gains some respect from the other soldiers and McCaan nicknames Xavier â€Å"X†, as in â€Å"X marks the spot! † (109) * â€Å"None of those who are here today can call me a useless bush Indian ever again. They may not say it out loud, but they know now that I have something special† (109). Chapter 10: Sniper (110-118) We continue with Xavier’s story in this chapter. X and E continue as snipers. Sean Patrick is killed, and X and E are tasked with revenge. * Sean Patrick is killed while sniping behind a steel plate. X feels badly that he didn’t warn them to keep moving around. Grey Eyes is also responsible, since he was â€Å"operating the slot so slowly† (112). * X would prefer to leave Sean Patrick’s body in a tree â€Å"so that the soul can leave it without hindrance†, but the absence of trees makes burial a necessity. X and E’s Cree heritage is shown (Gitchi Manitou, burial prayers, sweet grass, prayers in Cree) (112). A particular German sniper is wreaking havoc on the British and Canadian lines, and sapping â€Å"morale† (113). He becomes the focus of this chapter. We are given details about the sniper (113-114). * The Germans dig deep, and do not suffer from artillery (114). * There is a brief flashback to a hunting expedition by X and E when they are 16. E is the shooter, but X is the wise one who forces the caribou towards E (115-116). * In the final two pages, both X and E take up positions to kill German snipers who use their own steel plates. As they fire, X is not sure if he’s hit anything, but is sure that E has. We see more glimpses of X’s personality: * A desire to be liked: â€Å"I don’t want to offend them† (111) * Guilt: â€Å"I am to blame too† (112) * Self-doubt: â€Å"I wonder about myself, though† (118). * He is, at times, respectful of E’s sniper skills (113). Chapter 11: Revenge (119-129) We continue with Xavier’s story. X and E have shot at least one sniper, and the sniping has diminished. But the infamous â€Å"Hun sniper† who killed Sean Patrick is still out there. * Both X and E are both shooting, but E warns their section about X’s shooting (119). Xavier does not share the humour. While E’s fame and vanity grow, X knows that the â€Å"real job still lies ahead of us† (119). * Their section returns to the rear for rest. E builds a structure similar to an  askinkans,  and renews his suspicious friendship with Grey Eyes (120-121). * X goes in one night and wakes up E. X has had an epiphany; he realizes that Sean Patrick was shot upwards, so the Hun sniper must be in No Man’s Land very close to the Canadian trenches. * X and E return to the front lines and resume their hunt. During this time, E recounts his story of how he experienced morphine with Grey Eyes(123-127), while on the ship crossing the Atlantic. E claims this is the only time he’s tried it (127). * Why does Grey Eyes ask Elijah to cut him on the arm (125)? [So Grey eyes can steal a needle while in the infirmary. ] * They continue their patient hunt. E decides to shoot at a bloated dead horse. The Hun sniper, just yards away from the horse, returns fire, almost hitting E. Xavier sees the smoke of his German adversary, and fires back. * â€Å"As the smoke clears, I see that the rifle I aimed above is now lying on the ground at an angle. The knowledge slowly sinks in† (129). * Elijah’s eyes are burning from the debris of the near miss, and he asks X what happened. Xavier does not answer, but he has killed the â€Å"phantom sniper† (129). Chapter 12: Seducing (130-135) We return to Niska’s story. In this relatively short chapter, she continues to tell us the story of her adolescence, and of her first sexual experience. * Niska has inherited her father’s role as a seer of the future and adviser. The other Cree who live in the wilderness, the awawatuk, now accept her powers and now come to her for advice (131) Niska is also fascinated by a white trapper. She is at first incensed by his â€Å"insolence† (132), and tries to sabotage his trap lines. She then desires to trap him and keep him â€Å"like a pet† (132). Finally, she wants to seduce him. * When the trapper is finally lured into Niska’s  askinkans, she wonders who is the hunter actually is (134). * The final part of the chapter describes her first sexual experience. Even though Niska doesn’t speak French like the trapper, she understands him nevertheless. It is a brief but passionate encounter. Chapter 13: Rifle (136-146) We return to Xavier’s story. X and E and Thompson go out to find the dead German sniper. * Elijah says he is surprised that X killed the sniper (136). * We hear of E’s wooden war club, complete with â€Å"hobnails† (137). It’s similar to Thompson’s. * X and E charcoal their faces before the journey into No Man’s Land. They share a joke that it’s a White Man’s smudging ceremony. X notes something important about Elijah: â€Å"No Indian religion for him. The only Indian Elijah wants to be is the Indian that knows to hide and hunt† (137). * Though he accorded more respect, Xavier is still aware that his reputation is not like Elijah’s: â€Å"According to the others, he is the resident expert, although I am a fine shot too. As fine as Elijah. But I don’t have the killing instinct for men† (138). * The 3 go out and find the sniper. Xavier brings backs a prized Mauser sniper rifle, angering Elijah. They also observe a German machine gun nest under construction. * After returning and receiving double rum rations from Breech (141), Xavier remembers selling their canoe before enlisting. E convinced X that they should buy new clothes. * E explains to X how a motor car works. When X worries about the fire burning down the town, E responds, ‘ â€Å"Can you imagine anything more glorious? †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (142). * Breech wants to send out a large raiding party to destroy the machine gun nest, but X and E would rather go just with Corporal Thompson. X tells us that E tells him everything, and has â€Å"never been able to† keep anything from Xavier (144). * This allows us to see into the thoughts of E,  without officially changing perspective. * For the first time, Elijah is fearful about going into No Man’s Land. He fails in his attempt to get morphine from the medic, Driscoll. Chapter 14: Raid (14 7-163) * This is a busy chapter! * The raid is successful but costly. A new soldier is killed and Thompson is badly wounded. Elijah is wounded, too, but not as badly as first thought. * E rushes the machine gun nest, but is injured before he could finish the job. X not only brings E back to their trench, but also finishes off the enemy placement. * However, there is talk of a medal for Elijah, not Xavier (150). Gilberto is also a hero for dragging Thompson back, long after Grey Eyes returns. * E helps Gilberto write a letter to his wife. It is full of bravado that embarrasses Gilberto. * We also start to learn some important information about X’s childhood: * He barely remembers his mother, Rabbit. * As a young boy, he was taken in by the nuns at the residential school. * Elijah became his â€Å"only friend† (151). * Even then, E was getting X in trouble†¦ with language. X can see that E wants morphine: â€Å"I know that it is much more than medicine. Much more† (153). * What exactly is it? A temptation? A test of E’s strength and courage? * There is another reference to Elijah’s character being a trickster. It’s also related to his name (154). * At a local estaminet (a local cafe that also acts as a brothel), Xavier becomes enamoured with the bartender’s daughter. After their first meeting, Xavier and Lisette meet the following evening. Xavier and Lisette make love (159). * Two days later, X’s section is sent away from Saint-Eloi. There is a discussion of the new Lee-Enfield rifle and the Ross rifle (160). Xavier elects to keep his Mauser, and E keeps his Ross rifle. * The chapter ends with a discussion of the train trip before enlistment. * They face discrimination and must go to the back of the train (161). Elijah is clowning around, but an older aboriginal man tells him he dreamt of a whiskey jack jay â€Å"pecking at something dead† (163). Chapter 15: Betrayal (163-176) * Niska continues to tell Xavier (and us) her story. In this chapter we hear more about her relationship with the French trapper, and his eventual betrayal of Niska. We also see that her power is perhaps greater than we first realized. * She starts by saying, â€Å"Like the frozen rivers that gave way to the warmth, something inside me broke and flooded so that all I wanted was him† (163). * She is practical: â€Å"[I]n this world of hardship we must grasp the moments that are offered to us† (163). * She is at first worried, then relieved, by the sense that her â€Å"divining† powers are lost because of her relationship with the white man. * But she asks the trapper to leave after an elder comes to her for help. The trapper is â€Å"sullen† as a result (166) and no longer visits. Niska’s mother suggests Niska pursue him. Niska goes into town (Moose Factory) to find him. Niska is received coldly by the â€Å"homeguard Indians† (168) who stare at her. Niska notices their â€Å"fullness† and realizes how lonely she is in the wild. They start to talk about Niska behind her back: â€Å"The other talent the Cree have to rival their hunting ability is their ability to gossip† (168). * She is rescued a kindly elderly native woman. The woman – who Niska respectfully addresses as  Kokum  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ tells Niska that they know who she is. She also reveals that everyone knows about Niska’s relationship with the trapper. The old woman warns Niska about him: â€Å"Be careful of that one. They say he has a taste for red meat that he can’t satisfy†¦ You are ahookimaw, from a strong family. Happiness is not yours to have. You are a  windigo  killer† (168). * Niska finds the trapper. He eventually brings her to a church , where they have sex. But it’s a trap. He believes he has destroyed her spirit. He says, â€Å"I took your power away in this place and sent it to burn in hell where it belongs† (174). * Niska escapes the town in horror and returns to her camp. In a purification sweat ceremony, she asks for the animal spirits to help. She asks her strongest spirit, the lynx, to â€Å"go out and find the source of my hurt and extinguish it† ( 176). * Later, her mother visits and tells Niska that â€Å"the Frenchman had gone mad in that town and taken to running up and down the streets trying to escape pursuing demons† (176). He commits suicide, and is refused a Christian burial. Chapter 16: Horses (177-191) The foreground story, of Niska taking Xavier back home, has been a relatively minor part of the narrative. In this chapter, however, the opening highlights the crisis that Xavier is facing as he returns. Only a few needlefish are left†, and Xavier does not even bother hiding his injections of morphine from Niska (177). * Nevertheless, we return to the story of the war. We will learn later (205) that X and E’s unit has moved south and joined in the Battle of the Somme. * Xavier remains mystified by his unequal treatment, and leads to a potentially fateful conclusion: â€Å"Me, Iâ€℠¢m clearly invisible to the officers. How is it that Breech refuses to recognize that it isn’t only Elijah out there killing Fritz? We are a team. If nobody will recognize this, maybe I will force them to† (178). A leaning statue of the Virgin Mary looks on with â€Å"serene disapproval† (178) of the carnage below; she is also a symbol of Allied survival and refuses to topple over from German bombardment. * We learn of the Canadian strategy of the â€Å"creeping barrage† (179), something that X and V will have to avoid when they venture into No Man’s Land. * X and V spot a bombed-out farmhouse in No Man’s Land. They set up a long-term sniping post, bringing with them many day’s supplies. * E gets X to tell him a story; X repeats a story that E already knows: the story of the horses while coming across the Atlantic. Two horses break their legs in the middle of a violent storm. * E asks the officers for help, and they reluctantly go down to the stalls. * X has already killed the horses out of mercy. * Breech wants to lay charges (190), but a colonel congratulates X on his decisiveness and valour. He even suggests X would make a good officer, but Breech later says, â€Å"You will never become an officer† (190). Both X and E wonder why. * The two horses are dropped into the sea after the storm abates. * Interesting technique (or cheat) by Boyden to overcome  1st person point of view: We see inside the inner feelings of Elijah on p. 182. This is just like p. 144. Chapter 17: Collector (192-200) The battlefield story continues. Elijah has finally yielded to temptation: â€Å"Since being wounded in our raid, he has given up fighting the morphine† (192). * The creeping barrage tactic initially works, but it stops too soon, and the German machine guns are quickly firing upon the advancing Canadians. Surprisingly, Xavier starts firing on the German machine gun nests first, and then Elijah joins in. They fire rapidly and continentally, and believe they have killed dozens (194). * Within the hour, the Canadians have taken the German line called Candy Trench. X and E move to another rise in on the landscape, and use canvas and branches to create a camouflaged position. They can see clearly into the town of Courcelette. * Spotting a new German machine gun position â€Å"seven or eight hundred yards away† (195), X and E begin firing again. However, X has run out of rounds for his Mauser, and works as a spotter fo r E. * E’s shooting is excellent, and he kills three of four Germans. He exclaims it’s the â€Å"best shooting I’ve done† (195) * Xavier has trouble hearing – perhaps this will further distance Xavier from the rest, and make him even more dependent on Elijah. Breech doesn’t believe X and E’s claims, angering Elijah (196). * For the next two weeks, X and E â€Å"concentrate on harassment fire† (197). * Elijah tells Xavier of a night in the French town of Albert: â€Å"He has no choice but to tell me. I am his listener† (197). Elijah climbs up a bell tower and a statue, and fires a single shot towards the front lines. * X and E’s moccasins are irregular, but help them fight â€Å"trench foot† (199). Why do they help? [They dry quickly and allow their feet to breathe. ] * In the last part of the chapter, Xavier tells us that Elijah volunteers for burial duty. He looks into the eyes of the dead, â€Å"letting a strange spark of warmth accumulate deep in his gut each time that he does it† (200). Chapter 18: Skinning (201-212) X and E’s section are sent behind the lines during Christmas, 1916. In a village pub, X and E encounter French troops. These troops, and their violent games with knives, fascinate the two Cree snipers. * The French have heard of X and E, but also of the Cree sniper named â€Å"Peggy†. E wants to learn more about this sniper. * A French soldier, Francis, advises E to take the scalps of his victims. That way, he will â€Å" ‘[a]void what happens to Peggy’ † (204). Such evidence will bring apparently bring honour to Elijah. * X and E’s unit are soon sent to Vimy Ridge, near the town of Arras. It is relatively peaceful (205). * Many French and British soldiers have died in earlier fighting around the ridge. * Sean Patrick’s replacements keep dying. * Both E and X are allowed to go â€Å"hunting† again. * The Canadians seem inspired by the winter weather, and start raiding the German lines until the latter are â€Å"jittery and afraid† (206). Elijah goes out on a raid that Xavier declines to volunteer for, but Elijah nevertheless tells X all the details. It’s a brutal attack on a German trench, filled with hand to hand combat. E kills many soldiers, and is lucky that a certain German soldier’s gun has jammed. E kills the soldier and calmly claims his scalp (210). The â€Å"possession in his kit bag almost pulsates† (211). * Elijah doesn’t want to be on morphine anymore, but struggles to ignore its allure (212). Chapter 19: Stealing (213-220) In this chapter, we hear how Niska rescues Xavier from the residential school. Before she begins this part of her story, she prepares bannock. Niska also resolves to force feed Xavier if he refuses to eat (213). * Niska begins by introducing us to her mother – Xavier’s grandmother. She was Ojibwe, unlike her Cree husband. Niska explains that the Cree and Ojibwe share a common language, but did not always get along (213). Niska’s mother died after the incident with the French trapper. * Her sister, Rabbit, had become an alcoholic and had given up her child, Xavier, to the nuns: â€Å"The thought of my blood left in that place to fend for himself gave me no nd of misery, but I had little choice in the matter† (213). * Niska’s seizures and visions are becoming more intense, as is her loneliness. She has many premoni tions of the future war (214). * She keeps seeing visions of a boy (of â€Å"four or five winters† old) she knows must be her nephew. She resolves to rescue him, but only if he wishes to leave. * In the summer, she hides by the playground. She signals him over with the call of the grouse; he instinctually finds the source. Niska asks him if he wants to come with her and he says yes, without hesitation. The next day, Niska surprises the nun who is in a canoe with Xavier. Niska knocks the nun into the water – revenge for Niska’s past – and rescues Xavier. * She notes that the â€Å"months that followed were the happiest of my life† (219). * She teaches Xavier everything she knows about living in the wilderness, and he learns quickly and deeply. The only mystery that remains is his aunt’s continued seizures, but she always manages to â€Å"come back from that other place† (220). * The chapter closes with an unsettling vision: â€Å"a vi sitor would come to us, a visitor with a request I could not ignore† (220). Chapter 20: Fighter (221-239) In this long chapter, we read about E and X’s plan to escape from their residential school. We also read about their exploits at Vimy Ridge in 1917. * E plans to steal a little bit of food every day, until they have enough to escape with. * E mentions a rifle kept by one of the nuns. There is a hint of sexual abuse of E by the nun. * Now at Vimy Ridge, X and E are working together again as snipers. X is coming to terms with the death and killing. He says, â€Å"[W]hat I do is for survival, as long as I pray to  Gitchi Manitou. He understands† (224). There is another reference to â€Å"three-day road† as the road to death, like crossing the river Styx (224). * X is short of Mauser bullets. He wants to go out alone and find some in no man’s land, but he eventually calls it off. He thinks E would have been much more decisive and â€Å"would have just gone† (225). * X and E are ordered back into no man’s land. They need to take out German machine gun nests in anticipation of a major Canadian operation. * E surprises X with 2 Mauser magazines. X reaches into E’s knapsack and finds scalps (228) before finding the magazines. * X was right (224). The latest tunnels are not for explosives; the Canadians will use them to get troops into no man’s land for a surprise attack. E is angry that X was right (229). * The Germans are now aware of the Canadians. The Germans know â€Å"their opponent is worthy† (229). * X and E wait in no man’s land. E goes out alone to raid, and comes back with 3 more kills. X says that E â€Å"is beautiful, like an animal† (231). * After the initial shelling, X realizes that â€Å"the Hun have been digging down deep to hide from the shelling† (233). X and E will need to take out the machine gun nests. The creeping barrage is accurate, but X and E start to engage the enemy. X is particularly successful in taking out machine gun nests (234, 236). * Canadian soldiers rush past their position. Gilberto  helps up X, but is then killed: â€Å"his face blooms into a red flower† (236). * X joins the attack uphill. It’s a bloody battle. He is hit but continues o n and kills two Germans with his bayonet. * The second German, a big man with red hair, tries to strangle X to death, but McCaan turns up and calmly shoots the German in the head with his revolver (239). X lives.

Self-Evaluation free essay sample

When I was a little girl, I’ve always tried selling anything I could such as: baked goods, lemonade, and even homemade crafts. I’ve always loved meeting strangers and trying to convince them that whatever I have to sell is something they need in their life. I’ve also always had an interest in the creative side of marketing. I’d love to be the person deciding how to promote a new product that would please both the company and the customers. I’m researching both fields to help me better distinguish which career best suits me. Marketing Careers and Training. About. com. About. com, n. d. Web. 2013. While researching for information on marketing, the first site I chose was an article from About. com which my professor recommended. According to the article, the marketing industry is rapidly expanding and the needs of customers are constantly changing. Just knowing the basic principles of marketing will no longer suffice as a way to be successful. We will write a custom essay sample on Self Evaluation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Continuing to educate ourselves on the current strategies of marketing is a must. Before getting into the job requirements of a marketer, one must know if they’re meant for this position. Having a creative mind and being able to work well under pressure is important for a marketer. Marketers usually work directly with people which means they must be able to communicate with others. Defining the actual role of a marketer is difficult due to the wide variety of options to choose from. This article is meant as a general overview to give some insight for what a marketer is and some of the qualities they possess. The website even included several tips on how to land an internship. Not only was the information well-organized, it also linked the reader to other reliable sources if one wanted to continue their research on marketing. Career Overview: Marketing. Wetfeet. Ed. The Editors. Wetfeet LLC, 2012. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. Continuing my research on marketing, the next source I chose was Wetfeet. com. This article was another recommendation from my professor. Before getting into specifics, the article gave an overview of what a marketer’s job entails and some of the common misconceptions made by customers. Marketing is the strategic function between product development and sales. There are four components to marketing which include: product, price, promotion, and place. Based on whether the product is considered high-end or low-end, the marketing team creates a selling approach. According to the article, these are the responsibilities of a marketing manager. Upon reading this, I began thinking this was a job that I could possibly see myself pursuing. The article then goes into great detail about the requirements of a marketer such as having certain degrees and having sharp communication skills. Similar to the first article, wetfeet. com listed current job opportunities in the economy and the future growth of this field. Finally, the article concluded with the potential salaries that a marketer can earn. Thanks to this website, I have a better idea of what career within marketing that I want to research. N/A. Director of Sales and Marketing. Society for Human Resource Management. SHRM, n. d. Web. 03 Nov. 2013. While reading the job requirements of several marketing positions, the job of a Marketing Director caught my eye. Between 2010 and 2020, this position is estimated to expand by 13. 6 percent. At first glance, this job looks to be very demanding but I’m willing to put in the time and dedication required. Among the vast duties of a director, some include: developing product position and packaging, manages marketing operating budgets, monitors competitor product, establish relationships with strategic partners, and also evaluates market research and strategy to meet the changing market. Apart from their own job requirements, directors are also responsible for managing their staff and recruiting new employees. This position requires a bachelor’s degree in Marketing and a minimum of five years of related experience with managerial experience. Marketing directors must be able to effectively communicate both written and orally. While this job seems to be very involved when it comes to the effort and dedication required, the payoff is worth it. The annual expected salary for a typical Marketing Director in the United States is $120,172. Ad Basics. About Advertising. About. com, n. d. Web. 2013. Switching gears, I began looking up information about advertising. About. com had detailed explanations about marketing so I decided to look up advertising as well and was not disappointed. Unlike the other two articles, this one began with what an advertiser is. The job of an advertiser can range from creating brochures and pamphlets to advertising online for businesses. Most people assume only creative people can advertise but this isn’t true. Copy writers, graphic designers, and art directors also work in this field. Moving forward, the website also contains information about finding a job in advertising and how to create a portfolio of work. There is no shortage of information due to the fact that the website links you to multiple other websites relating to the topic. I originally chose this website because I was interested in advertising but once reading more about the job I’m not sure if this is a suitable career path for myself. However, I did enjoy learning about adverting and what the job requirements are. Careers in Advertising Public Relations. Careers in Marketing. Careers in Marketing, n. d. Web. 30 Sept. 2013. Carrers-in-marketing. com had information on both marketing and advertising but I chose to read more on advertising since I already had a lot of information about marketing. The article gives some general background information about advertising and the types of skills that are expected of you. Being well-organized and having people skills is among the most common requirements of an advertiser. Creativity isn’t a make or break deal but it definitely helps and makes you stand out from other potential candidates. The article also goes into detail about the many job options currently available for people in the field of advertising. Similar to the other article about advertising, this website mentions making flyers, pamphlets, and banners for online business. If one wants to further explore advertising, the website gives links to blogs dedicated on providing information about advertising. Overall this website linked me to some helpful resources for even further research but I’m still unsure about this career field. After researching for information on both topics, I better understand the difference between marketing and advertising. Although closely related at times, advertising requires spreading the word about different products while marketing brings both merchants and consumers together. Once I read through both job requirements, I’m currently leaning more towards marketing because I already have some prior experience and I currently know people in the industry.

Communisim in the 1950s essays

Communisim in the 1950s essays Thesis: The "Red Scare" of the 1950's caused a massive movement for the people of that time period. IV. Leaders in the movement-McCarthy C. Comparisons between the Fifties and now America: Land of the free, and the home of the brave. This famous expression has been used numerous times throughout history, even scoring a line in our country's national anthem. But in our high-tech socety, many Americans can not even understand what our forefathers went through to achieve this American dream. People do not even grasp the concept of what it has taken to keep the freedom of this country ringing. Place youself in the footsteps of the average American of the 1950's, dealing with the Russian threat of communist rule and the fear of being taken over an opposite world power. Post World War II struggles make it hard for anyone to get by, and each coming day leads to another unpredictable twist for the country in which you reside. The powerful threat of communisim, which came to be known as the "Red Scare," is the basis of all of the nation's problems. This "Red Scare" of the 1950's was a powerful, radical, and controversial issue for nearly everyone in that time period, and what's more is the propaganda that was used to sell communist leadership to the American people, who were deathly afraid of what the future might hold. This Red Scare lasted throughout the Fifties and beyond. The Fabulous Fifties... well, were they really so fabulous, after all? First of all, for total understanding of the Red Scare of the fifties, one must become acquainted with the term communisim. Communisim can be defined as: a type of government in which a small group of leaders dictates a country or nation by distributing goods and money equally among the country's citizens (Webster's, 1994). As of today, nations such as Russia and China are run by communist authority. Although this system of...

Stegoceras - Facts and Figures

Stegoceras - Facts and Figures Name: Stegoceras (Greek for roof horn); pronounced STEG-oh-SEH-rass Habitat: Forests of western North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (75 million years ago) Size and Weight: Up to six feet long and 100 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Light build; bipedal posture; extremely thick skull in males About Stegoceras Stegoceras was the prime example of a pachycephalosaur (thick-headed lizard)a family of ornithischian, plant-eating, two-legged dinosaurs of the late Cretaceous period, characterized by their extremely thick skulls. This otherwise sleekly built herbivore had a noticeable dome on its head made of almost-solid bone; paleontologists speculate that Stegoceras males held their heads and necks parallel to the ground, build up a head of speed, and rammed each other on the noggins as hard as they could. (They may also, secondarily, have used their heads to butt away the flanks of encroaching tyrannosaurs, though we have no objective proof of this behavior.) The sensible question is: What was the point of this Three Stooges routine? Extrapolating from the behavior of present-day animals, its likely that Stegoceras males head-butted each other for the right to mate with females. This theory is supported by the fact that researchers have discovered two distinct varieties of Stegoceras skulls, one of which is thicker than the other and presumably belonged to the males of the species. (However, some paleontologists dispute this theory, noting that such high-speed collisions would tend to be disadvantageous from an evolutionary perspectivefor example, a dizzy, concussed Stegoceras could easily be picked off by a hungry raptor!) The type specimen of Stegoceras was named by the famous Canadian paleontologist Lawrence Lambe in 1902, following its discovery in the Dinosaur Provincial Park formation of Alberta, Canada. For a few decades, this unusual dinosaur was believed to be a close relative of Troodon (which was actually a saurischian rather than an ornithischian dinosaur, and thus resided on an entirely different branch of the dinosaur family tree), until the discovery of further pachycephalosaur genera made its provenance clear. For better or for worse, Stegoceras is the standard by which all subsequent pachycephalosaurs have been judgedwhich is not necessarily a good thing, considering how much confusion still exists about the behavior and growth stages of these dinosaurs. For example, the presumed pachycephalosaurs Dracorex and Stygimoloch may have been either juvenile, or unusually aged adults, of the well-known genus Pachycephalosaurus and at least two fossil specimens that were initially assigned to Stegoceras have since been promoted to their own genera, Colepiocephale (Greek for knucklehead) and Hanssuesia (named after the Austrian scientist Hans Suess).

Strategic Planning and Implementation Case Study

Strategic Planning and Implementation - Case Study Example Today, Gillette is a business unit of global corporation, Proctor and Gambler. Its global expansion was rapid during the first twenty years of Gillette's existence, with offices and plants opened in a multitude of countries around the world. It was, however, the American entry into World War I that propelled even more rapid growth when the army issued Gillette razors and blades to all military personnel. Gillette was essentially a single-line product company until the 1940s when the Toni Company was acquired. A third major line of products was added to the company in the early 1950s by the acquisition of the Papermate company. Its major product was a marketleading refillable ballpoint pen. Today, Gillette is the largest dollar value marketer of writing instruments in the world with Papermate, Waterman, Parker and Flair among its brand franchises (Gillette Company Home Page 2008) In Gillette, corporate strategy, regardless of how elegantly conceived, how comprehensive its scope, or how forward-looking its thrust, does not provide competitive advantage until it is communicated, understood, valued and acted upon by a variety of key corporate stakeholders. The main criteria for stakeholder participation are that employees must understand, accept and internalize corporate strategy if the strategic blueprint is to be transformed into positive strategic results (Clegg et al 2005). Suppliers, strategic partners and customers must have a basic understanding and appreciation of the firm's strategic direction if these stakeholder relationships are to flourish and be productive. Only when the corporate strategy message is communicated in a clear, concise, timely and persuasive manner to key corporate stakeholders does the firm have an opportunity to achieve competitive advantage (Amit & Schoemaker 1993). Key Criteria for Strategy Reviewing In Gillette, the key criteria for strategy reviewing are current performance and new strategic objectives, competition in the industry and market changes (demographic and income) (Clegg et al 2005). Gillette management understands that the strategy must embody a strategic view of the future and a plan designed to achieve strategic goals and objectives. The strategic vision must be responsive to emerging opportunities and sensitive to the internal strengths of the company. As the multinational

Green Initiatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Green Initiatives - Essay Example The company has an organic growth model that has enabled the company to achieve tremendous growth during the last decade. In 1999 the company served less than 5 million passengers. In the 21st century corporate social responsibility has become an important strategic path that companies follow in order to achieve success. Corporate social responsibility can be defined as alignment of a company’s activities with the social, economic, and environmental expectations of its stakeholders (Sourcewatch, 2009). As a low cost airline the company is automatically complying with the economic expectation of its customers. The company is a member of European Low Fares Airline Association. Ryanair has one of the best environmental records in the airline industry. Ryanair selects aircrafts models for its fleet that have the latest and most efficient engine technologies. This green initiative has helped the company reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 45% over the last decade. The firm has further decreased its CO2 emissions during the last 10 years by an additional 10% by optimizing its flight route trajectory. The company does not use flight hopping mechanisms; instead all of its flights are one way destinations directly to the final location. The airline also avoids long taxiing time and holding patterns at primary congested airports (Ryanair, 2009). CO2 emissions are the primary factor that is causing air pollution that leads to the imbalance in the greenhouse effect and global warming. Rising carbon dioxide levels from burning fuel fossils are scientifically linked to sea level changes, snowmelt, disease, heat stress, severe weather, and ocean acidification (Rice, 2008). The company has invested over $17 billion since 1999 in its aircraft replacement program. The aircraft replacement program enabled the company to lower its fuel consumption by 55% between 1998 and 2007

Commercial item transport and distribution Essay Example for Free

Commercial item transport and distribution Essay There has been a gradual change in the mode of packaging for last years.For instance, earlier fruits and vegetables were used to be transported in wooden boxes but today cardboard crates are used .This is mainly to reduce the cost. Obviously,a cardboard crate would cost less than wooden crate. Moreover,using cardboard crates is more eco friendly than cutting trees and making wooden boxes and supporting an environmental cause helps firms improve their goodwill and eventually their sales. Similarly,selling of milk,first in glass bottles,then in packets, then tetra packs and vending machines is all to reduce costs or improve their goodwill by innovating the mode of packaging. Tetra pack keeps the milk safe for months and is made of paper and can be recycled. Plastic packets incur lesser costs and vending machines in itself have no packaging cost. So,companies use new and unique mode of packaging to ,one,reduce their costs,two,to promote the product. Packaging refers to the container or wrapper that holds a product or group of products. Most commercial packaging serves two basic functions: protecting the product from damage during shipping, and promoting the product to the ultimate consumer. Some common types of packaging include shipping cartons, containers for industrial goods, and bags, boxes, cans, and other holders for consumer products. Packaging is of great importance to both sellers and buyers of products. It can prevent spoiling, breakage, tampering, or theft; enhance convenience in use or storage; and make products easier to identify. A significant improvement in packaging can even create a new product by expanding the ways in which it can be used, and thus its potential markets. For example, a soup that is packaged in a microwavable bowl might suddenly increase its sales to working people. Prior to World War II, packaging was used primarily to surround and protect products during storage, transportation, and distribution. Some packages were designed with aesthetic appeal and even for ease-of-use by the end consumer, but package design was typically left to technicians. After World War II, however, companies became more interested in marketing and promotion as a means of enticing customers to purchase their products. As a result, more manufacturers began to view packaging as an integral element of overall business marketing strategies to lure buyers. This increased attention to packaging coincided with socioeconomic changes taking place around the world. As consumers became better educated and more affluent, their expectations of products—and their reliance on them—increased as well. Consequently, consumers began to rely much more heavily on manufactured goods and processed food items. New technologies related to production, distribution, and preservatives led to a massive proliferation in the number and type of products and brands available in industrialized nations. Thus, packaging became a vital means of differentiating items and informing inundated consumers. The importance of consumer packaging was elevated in the United States during the late 1970s and 1980s. Rapid post-war economic expansion and market growth waned during that period, forcing companies to focus increasingly on luring consumers to their product or brand at the expense of the competition. Package design became a marketing science. And, as a new corporate cost-consciousness developed in response to increased competition, companies began to alter packaging techniques as a way to cut production, storage, and distribution expenses. Furthermore, marketers began to view packaging as a tool to exploit existing product lines by adding new items and to pump new life into maturing products. Today, good package design is regarded as an essential part of successful business practice. Since many potential customers first notice a new product after it has arrived on the shelves of a store, it is vital that the packaging provide consumers with the information they need and motivate them to make a purchase. But packaging decisions involve a number of tradeoffs. While making a product visible and distinctive may be the top priority, for example, businesses must also comply with a variety of laws regarding product labeling and safety. Protecting products during transport is important, but businesses also need to keep their shipping costs as low as possible. study mode material : Disadvantages of wooden crates- Deterioration * After wooden pallets are used several times, the wood begins to wear. It splinters, cracks and even breaks under the pressure of continued use. The deterioration is natural and occurs eventually, even if the wood is treated to repel moisture and to strengthen it. This disadvantage leads to replacement much sooner than with plastic pallets. Infestation * Wooden pallets are more susceptible to infestation by termites, ants and other insects that make their home inside the wood. Pallets stored outdoors are more likely to succumb to infestation than the ones kept within a warehouse. The insects burrow into the wood, eating away at it and thus weakening what should be a support structure.. Cleanliness * In addition to germs, wooden pallets are collectors of dirt and debris. Cleaning them becomes more and more difficult over time as the pallets age. They must be heat-treated to get rid of the contamination and washed to be rid of dirt and debris. However, the heat accelerates deterioration, and the water, if improperly dried, can feed mold spores that thrive on wood and harm the vegetables and fruits inside it. Advantages of cardboard crates- Protects Items * As packaging, cardboard protects vegetables being shipped or moved. Corrugated cardboard often has multiple pieces of cardboard placed on top of each other to cushion soft vegetables. Cheap Material * Cardboard is cheap to produce, and is usually made from recycled materials and doesnt cost much money if purchased wholesale. Other packaging materials are made from plastic, wood or metal, all expensive materials that are often heavier then cardboard, which adds [continues] Read full essay

The brain :: essays research papers

Occipital, Frontal, and Temporal Lobes The occipital lobes are the center of our visual perception system. They are not particularly vulnerable to injury because of their location at the back of the brain, although any significant trauma to the brain could produce subtle changes to our visual-perceptual system, such as visual field defects and scotomas. The Peristriate region of the occipital lobe is involved in visuospatial processing, discrimination of movement and color discrimination (Westmoreland et al., 1994). Damage to one side of the occipital lobe causes homonomous loss of vision with exactly the same "field cut" in both eyes. Disorders of the occipital lobe can cause visual hallucinations and illusions. Visual hallucinations (visual images with no external stimuli) can be caused by lesions to the occipital region or temporal lobe seizures. Visual illusions (distorted perceptions) can take the form of objects appearing larger or smaller than they actually are, objects lacking color or objects having abn ormal coloring. Lesions in the parietal-temporal-occipital association area can cause word blindness with writing impairments (alexia and agraphia) (Kandel, Schwartz & Jessell, 1991). Frontal Lobe The Frontal Lobe is responsible for cognition and memory. The prefrontal area gives one the ability to concentrate, judgment and inhibition as well as personality and emotional traits. The premotor area is responsible for storage of voluntary activities and motor patterns. The motor area provides voluntary motor activity. Language is a motor speech. Temporal Lobe Location of the temporal lobe is near the temples just above the ear canal. Functions of the temporal lobe are to: Control hearing; from birth a baby can hear completely. The temporal lobe in the brain is fully developed before the baby is born. Language use; talking is very closely linked to hearing, and since people can hear they react by using language as means of communication. Emotions, especially fear plays a part in this role. Some complex aspects of vision, including the ability to see patterns such as faces. When the temporal lobe is damaged it causes:  · Deficits or limitations in understanding and comprehending spoken words  · May cause a lack of fear if the emotional responses are no longer working (a person seeing a snake may not be afraid because they don’t understand what the object even is)

Michelangelo’s Sculpture “David” Essay

David â€Å"† Analysis and Structure It is obvious that Michelangelo was meticulous when creating this sculpture. His sculpture, David, must have been done after studying the human form a great deal. The lines he has used are very natural, and though his figure is rather chiseled, the lines seem very gentle. Michelangelo has paid special attention to shape. Every ligament, muscle and bone seems as though it is alive. I especially noticed the shape of the legs, the back of the knees particularly. The muscle in the right leg (looking from the rear) is stuck out, almost as if David is about to walk. The direction seems very human and natural as well, all except for David’s hand. It seems to be cocked in a very unnatural position. The fingers on the left hand (looking from the front) are also in an odd position. The sculpture stands more than 14 feet tall and Michelangelo has done a great job keeping all extremities and the head and body in proportion to one another. The texture that Michelangelo was able to achieve is amazing. I know from personal experience that it is often very difficult to achieve the proper texture for hair, teeth, etc. but he seems to make it look effortless as well as flawless. The hair looks very natural, but the skin is even more interesting. He has achieved an even texture, without making the skin look fake. The color of the sculpture is gray. I believe that the value throughout the sculpture is the same, although with the use of lights, this can be changed, giving the sculpture different values due to shadows. There is repetition with variation throughout the sculpture. This makes sense since most everyone has two of each limb, and many muscles. The head seems to be the dominant point of interest for me. It fascinates me that Michelangelo could create such a realistic body, but the head requires extra care. Michelangelo paid close attention to unity. Everything seems linked. There is uniform shape to the body. The body seems as though it all joins together and the unifying link is the torso. The sculpture is made from marble, and has subtle veins of â€Å"color†. David â€Å"† History In 1501, the city of Florence commissioned Michelangelo to sculpt a statue of David. They had adopted the Biblical figure as their city’s symbol to tell the world, and their neighbors who were constantly fighting with them, that though Florence was a small city, it was fierce and would take on any giant of an enemy who dared to challenge them. They presented the artist with a banged up, 18 foot block of marble that had laid abandoned in a church work yard for 35 years. Undiscouraged, Michelangelo took on the project. For three years, he etched the marble, bringing forward his own unique vision of the Biblical hero, and creating the epitome of the Renaissance ideal of man in the process. With only the strengths of his body and his beliefs, David awaits the appearance of his challenger. David’s right hand is disproportionately large to symbolize his courage and physical power. The sculpture is a tense psychological portrait of David before he kills Goliath. The characteristics that David relies on are completely manifested in him, and in the foundation of Renaissance art and philosophy. Michelangelo has been called the father of the Renaissance because all of his art pays homage to the physical, emotional, and spiritual strengths that each human being possesses. Michelangelo’s statue of David is now permanently installed at the Galleria Dell’ Accademia in Florence.

Faith and Diplomacy

Katherine Donado Writing III October 5, 2012 Technology Technology is valuable because it is used in every day. As Mandana Mohsenzadega states in, â€Å"OMG: Tweeting, Trending, and Texting† people feel incomplete without technology (448). Technology was intended to bring people closer and increase communication. To be able to stay in contact more in a faster way when is impossible to see a family member. Maybe they might live in a different country and for many reasons not being able to travel.Technology is very important and useful, because it provides a lot of information, it makes businesses more efficient and it is a faster way to protect people in dangerous occasions. Technology is often used to find out information. It is a faster, quicker and easier way to get answers from Websites. Mohsenzadega refers to this (448), â€Å"†¦. with just the click of a button on our handy-dandy little gadgets. † Everything is there, with no need to struggle or go out to get things done. Some people do not need the doctor for check-ups. They can get the information from Medline. om which allows people to self-diagnose (448). Computers help us stay up to date with everything, whether it is the weather, or a family member that lives far. It is cheaper to communicate now over Facebook, Twitter, Facetime or Oovoo because it’s free, instead of buying a phone card every time they need to keep in contact with a relative. It has also brought people together from all over the world. They meet new people find out about them and most of the time fall in love and end up together. The internet is very useful and good.Some people feel better behind screens and are able to express themselves better and open up more to people, when they are not face to face. People get to know them better on the internet and get a lot of information from there. Just the simple fact of entertainment, of having memories with friends, photos, meaningful texts or listening to music, which is known to calm people and lets them get away from everything when they’re in their zone. Technology is known for something most people can’t live without, â€Å"Cannot imagine living a week without my laptop. Since I grew up in this culture, it would be exceedingly senseless. (450) Businesses have also become more efficient because of technology. Due to the self-service cashiers, have become defunct. Fewer employees need to be hired because machines do their jobs. One can go pay for their groceries with just a swipe of their card. Technology has also influenced many other businesses. There is no reason to wait for a conference and waste time, when they can call each other at any time and connect all lines so everyone can be in a conference call without having to be running late or being taken out of their house, office, or even state.Some businesses have jobs and meeting out of state to make it more comfortable for people that are far away in the same busines s. It is better to have everyone meet up in a place where they can all feel fair when it comes to traveling. Also can be very useful when people aren’t on time or running late, they can just send their work with a simple text or e-mail without having to waste time when certain paper work hs to be done at a certain time or wait to see the person to give them the work. Another reason why technology is important is because it keeps us safe.Many phones have a GPS system in them that helps law enforcement track and locate the subject. Cameras were invented to watch, there put just about in every store and place. With the phones, people are more likely to call the police in case of an emergency, with less difficulties. With just a push of a button, it connects you to help. Also alarm systems, to keep peoples home safe when they’re away. Technology prevents accidents from happening. Making it possible for crimes to be solved faster and more accurately. In conclusion, technolo gy would be known to be very useful in life.It has brought many people together and most importantly kept them safe. It has made people’s lives a lot easier and faster, without any difficulties or struggles. Everything can be done with just a push of a button. No need to get up or go out because everything in within reach. It has made life a lot more valuable and understanding when you have an object that gives you answers to any problems you may have with no solution. People have to understand that technology was made for the better, to be able to make life easier and make us feel comfortable knowing that there is answers to what we seek in life.

Free Essays on 12 Angry Men

The prejudice in 12 Angry Men Twelve Angry Men is a very interesting film about the jurors’ deliberations on a case that seems at first a no brainner. But in reality it proves to be a more complex case. As the evidence is brought up to question by the jurors themselves. The complexity of this case grew as the films went on. Then came the hard part, making the decision, guilty or not guilty. Especially when you have jurors that are over shadowed by prejudice that influence their decision. It is only when prejudice is set aside that the jurors’ are able to make a more logical decision on the case. It is very obvious that most of the battle that juror #8 fought was the prejudices of the other jurors. Instead of a verdict being based on the facts and logic everyone just went with majority rule and did not think of the consequences of what might happen to the boy, which was life in prison or death. These issues are handled and challenged by Juror #8, instead of going along with the crowd and accepting the evidence as it was presented, he challenged everything. Since the boy was to be executed if found guilty his life was now in the hands of the jury and juror #8 reasoned that the least they could do was to talk about the case a bit. In addition, juror #8, no matter how emotional the discussion got he always kept his cool and had his task in mind. Juror #8 tried to do his best even when the odds were against him. He used logic to examine all the witnesses’ testimony. One of his most effective strategies was to keep on reminding the group they must acquit if they had any à ¢â‚¬Ëœreasonable doubt’. And notice that juror #8 set aside the prejudice remarks that were made by the other jurors. He did not even considered them to be relevant to the case. An example of prejudices playing an important role in different class issue. Is juror #10 who put a great deal of effort into trying to convince the others that the boy was guilty... Free Essays on 12 Angry Men Free Essays on 12 Angry Men The prejudice in 12 Angry Men Twelve Angry Men is a very interesting film about the jurors’ deliberations on a case that seems at first a no brainner. But in reality it proves to be a more complex case. As the evidence is brought up to question by the jurors themselves. The complexity of this case grew as the films went on. Then came the hard part, making the decision, guilty or not guilty. Especially when you have jurors that are over shadowed by prejudice that influence their decision. It is only when prejudice is set aside that the jurors’ are able to make a more logical decision on the case. It is very obvious that most of the battle that juror #8 fought was the prejudices of the other jurors. Instead of a verdict being based on the facts and logic everyone just went with majority rule and did not think of the consequences of what might happen to the boy, which was life in prison or death. These issues are handled and challenged by Juror #8, instead of going along with the crowd and accepting the evidence as it was presented, he challenged everything. Since the boy was to be executed if found guilty his life was now in the hands of the jury and juror #8 reasoned that the least they could do was to talk about the case a bit. In addition, juror #8, no matter how emotional the discussion got he always kept his cool and had his task in mind. Juror #8 tried to do his best even when the odds were against him. He used logic to examine all the witnesses’ testimony. One of his most effective strategies was to keep on reminding the group they must acquit if they had any ‘reasonable doubt’. And notice that juror #8 set aside the prejudice remarks that were made by the other jurors. He did not even considered them to be relevant to the case. An example of prejudices playing an important role in different class issue. Is juror #10 who put a great deal of effort into trying to convince the others that the boy was guilty...

Simple Décrire Verb Conjugations in French

Simple Dà ©crire Verb Conjugations in French In French, to say to describe, you must use the verb  dà ©crire. Admittedly, conjugating this verb to mean described or will describe is not the easiest thing to do. However, a quick lesson and some dedicated practice will help you memorize this tricky verb. Conjugating the French Verb  Dà ©crire Dà ©crire  is an  irregular verb, so it does not follow one of the common verb conjugation patterns found in French. Yet, all  French verbs ending in  -crire  are conjugated this way. You might consider studying a few at the same time to make learning each just a little easier. Conjugations transform the verb into the present, future, or past tense so the sentence makes sense. This is done by identifying the verb stem - in this case,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹dà ©cri- - then adding the appropriate infinitive ending for the subject pronoun. For instance, I describe is je dà ©cris and we will describe is nous dà ©crirons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je dà ©cris dà ©crirai dà ©crivais tu dà ©cris dà ©criras dà ©crivais il dà ©cris dà ©crira dà ©crivait nous dà ©crivons dà ©crirons dà ©crivions vous dà ©crivez dà ©crirez dà ©criviez ils dà ©crivent dà ©criront dà ©crivaient The Present Participle of  Dà ©crire When you add -ant  to the verb stem of  dà ©crire, you form the  present participle  dà ©crivant. It is a verb, of course, yet youll also find it used as an adjective, gerund, or noun at times. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The  past participle  of  dà ©crire  is  dà ©crit.  Its used in the construction of the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  for the past tense of described. To use it, you must also conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir. The passà © composà © comes together quickly once you know these rules. As an example, I described is jai dà ©crit and we described is nous avons dà ©crit. More Simple Dà ©crire  Conjugations Among the other simple verb conjugations of  dà ©crire  that you should know are the subjunctive and conditional. Each implies some degree of uncertainty or dependency in the act of deciding. In literature, youll come across either the passà © simple or imperfect subjunctive forms. While you may not use them yourself, recognizing them as a form of  dà ©crire  will help with comprehension. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je dà ©crive dà ©crirais dà ©crivis dà ©crivisse tu dà ©crives dà ©crirais dà ©crivis dà ©crivisses il dà ©crive dà ©crirait dà ©crivit dà ©crivà ®t nous dà ©crivions dà ©cririons dà ©crivà ®mes dà ©crivissions vous dà ©criviez dà ©cririez dà ©crivà ®tes dà ©crivissiez ils dà ©crivent dà ©criraient dà ©crivirent dà ©crivissent In short, assertive commands and requests, the imperative verb form is used. When using this, keep the sentence short and skip the subject pronoun: dà ©cris rather than tu dà ©cris. Imperative (tu) dà ©cris (nous) dà ©crivons (vous) dà ©crivez

Grammar and Composition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Grammar and Composition - Essay Example Drafting - Organization Sheet Three-Step Format for Thesis Statement: Specific Support for Paragraph #1: Experience with test Specific Support for Paragraph #2: Experience with professors Specific Support for Paragraph #3: Experience with paper work Drafting - Organization Sheet Thesis Statement with Three-Step Format: I am me because of the valuable lessons and choices that I have made and learned through my tests, my professors, and my papers. Drafting - Organization Sheet Introduction - reader's attention and states thesis statement Paragraph #1 But the drive to learn should exist in all of us nevertheless Drafting - Organization Sheet The last sentence of the first paragraph And yes, it is a conscious effort on my part to go through all of these experiences. Drafting - Organization Sheet Paragraph #2 (first point of your thesis) I wasn’t born good in math Drafting - Organization Sheet Paragraph #3 (second point of your thesis) A certain professor while teaching me about th e important of sacrifice, studying and success, stated that students learn at different rates. Paragraph #4 a.) Explain how the third point is developed in this paragraph. The third point is about how I did my essays and term papers. b.) What is good about this paragraph? What is good about this paragraph is the way it is written- it has than already enlightened tone in contrast to the second paragraph where the tone sounds dreary. c.) How could this paragraph be improved? Drafting - Organization Sheet Paragraph #5 (conclusion) In the end, what makes each of us really different is our choice to always have the drive to improve, to learn and to surpass oneself. Drafting - Organization Sheet The last sentence (End with a clincher) I choose to be me and that in the world makes all the difference. (wordplay) Five-Paragraph Essay Revision Sheet Paragrap

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS - Movie Review Example The documentary outlines Paulson’s thought that was to stabilize the financial market that was under crisis and prevent it from collapsing. It tells the story of a collapsing housing market amidst subprime mortgage loans in U.S banks. As Hunk recounts in the documentary, he is alone and his view is facing contradictions from all corners of the economy: journalists and senators alike, banks and the congress. However, Paulson has the support of his wife, Wendy, who has been his wife for more than 40 years. They are devoted to one another that, during the film at a particular bumpy round of negotiations with the congress, Paulson takes a short break to call his wife Wendy and ask her to pray (Sharkey 1). ‘Hank: five years from the brink’ outlines Paulson’s first thought of the troubled asset relief program (TARP), encourages the U.S government to buy equity and assets from the financial institutions (Sherkey 1). This plan was to help in strengthening the collapsing financial sector of the U.S economy by putting equity and assets in the hands of the government. It is more of asserting more control of the financial institutions to the state and Hank knew that the idea was reprehensible. Originally, the TARP program authorized and expenditure of $700 billion of government money to purchase the â€Å"troubled assets." This would allow the treasury to purchase difficult-to-value illiquid assets from banks and financial institutions to allow the affected institutions to stabilize their balance sheets and avoid making any further losses (Darling 72). According to Sherkey (1), Paulson recounts in the documentary that the story of the crisis was a disaster and his idea were to respond to the disaster and mitigate any crisis that would occur in the future business market. Thus, his second aim of the troubled asset relief program was to encourage the financial institutions and banks to resume lending at the fair levels

Immigration law (international study class) Essay

Immigration law (international study class) - Essay Example t under the American immigration law immigrants can take part in jury services only when deciding the fate of other immigrants that have been charged with crimes and this shows how the jury displays an in genuine part of the community. Immigrants can be deported or banished from the United States denied working, having a family and taking part in community activities but United States citizens can take part in them comfortably. For example, if a United States immigrant is caught stealing, one can be deported but for a United States citizen charged with murder the citizen can only be imprisoned and not deported. According to the United States immigration law there is a classification of two types of immigrants which are, legal immigrants and illegal immigrants. Legal immigrants are allowed to stay in the country for a number of years and could be studying or working and could even have families. Legal immigrants are those who have legal papers showing their legality of being in the United States whereas illegal immigrants are those that have fake or no documents to confirm that they are legally in United States . Though at times it becomes difficult to differentiate the two types of immigrants, illegal immigrants can have children in the country who are citizens and become lawful permanent resident (LPR) under the fourteenth amendment (Bray 60). According to Phelan and James (136), the Mexico – America immigration law is very unique as it involves two countries that share a two thousand mile border where each country has very different living standards. During the nineteenth century, movement between the two countries was very easy and was termed as local since places had single and undivided communities compared to the present where one has to have the required documents in order to cross the border. The Mexico – America border was strengthened due to social construction as there were a number of cases in illegal smuggling of goods. It is also after the

Digital Communication in Business

Digital Communication in Business Introduction The aim of this report on â€Å"Digital Communication† is to summarise the broad concepts of a technology that has made rapid strides in all facets of our life. The objective is to understand the concept, analyse its relevance in the field of business and assess the current and future trends. Fundamentals of Digital communication The fundamentals of digital communication is stated as â€Å"in a digital communications system, data is transmitted from one location to another by mapping bit sequences to symbols, and symbols to sample functions of analog waveforms The analog waveform passes through a band limited (possibly time-varying) analog channel, where the signal is distorted and noise is added. In a conventional system the analog sample functions sent through the channel are weighted sums of one or more sinusoids; in a chaotic communications system, the sample functions are segments of chaotic waveforms. At the receiver, the symbol may be recovered by means of coherent detection, where all possible sample functions are known, or by non coherent detection, where one or more characteristics of the sample functions are estimated. (Kolumban, Kennedy Chua (1997).  Digital communication systems, by definition, are communication systems that use such a digital sequence as an interface between the source and t he channel input and similarly between the channel output and final destination The idea of converting an analog source output to a binary sequence was quite revolutionary in 1948, and the notion that this should be done before channel processing was even more revolutionary. By today, with digital cameras, digital video, digital voice, etc., the idea of digitizing any kind of source is commonplace even among the most technophobic. The notion of a binary interface before channel transmission is almost as commonplace. For example, we all refer to the speed of our internet connection in bits per second. (Gallager, 2006). Digital communication tries to convey the information from a source such as a computer to a receiver as effectively as possible. â€Å"Modulation† is a process where the digital information is mapped to a sequence of symbols which has varied properties of an analog electromagnetic wave called the carrier. At the receiver, the signal to be received is selected by a channel filter, demodulated, interpreted, and the information is recovered. Conversion of the digital information stream to an analog signal for transmission may be accompanied by encryption and coding to add end-to-end security, data compression, and error-correction capability. A channel encoder introduces algorithmic redundancy into the transmitted symbol sequence that can be used to reduce the probability of incorrect decisions at the receiver. Modulation is the process by which a symbol is transformed into an analog waveform that is suitable for transmission. Common digital modulation schemes include amplitude s hiftkeying (ASK), phase shift keying (PSK), frequency shift keying (FSK), continuous phase modulation (CPM), and amplitudephase keying (APK), where a one-to-one correspondence established between amplitudes, phases, frequencies, phase and phase transitions, and amplitudes and phases, respectively, of a sinusoidal carrier and the symbols. The channel is the physical medium through which the information-carrying analog waveform passes as it travels between the transmitter and receiver. The transmitted signal is invariably corrupted in the channel. Hence, the receiver never receives exactly what was transmitted. The role of the demodulator in the receiver is to produce from the received corrupted analog signal an estimate of the transmitted symbol sequence. The role of the channel decoder is to reconstruct the original bit stream, i.e., the information, from the estimated symbol sequence. Because of disturbances in real communications channels, error-free transmission is never possible . (Kolumban, Kennedy Chua (1997). Types of Digital communication The different types of digital communication are the internet and email, cell phones, high definition television and other electronic communication (Sarokin. D, 2015). He quotes â€Å"in 1962 the idea of the internet was born†. Relying on packet switching the digital transfer of short bursts of data globally connected computer networks quickly developed into sophisticated digital communication technologies. Email over the network was introduced in the 1970s and has since grown into one of the most widespread forms of digital communication. Agnelli (in Vanderbeeken 2004, p. 2; see also Agnelli et al. 2004) argues that mobile phones have led to the overlapping of digital and physical space, so that physical presence no longer implies attentiveness or availability, and distinctions between public and private space are eroded. Digital communications is mainly associated with telecomunications and electrical engineering. Pedrozo and Wilska (2004, p. 4), the adoption of mobile pho nes has been ‘one of the most conspicuous social changes to happen over the last ten years. HDTV (high definition television) is a television display technology that provides picture quality similar to 35 mm. movies with sound quality similar to that of todays compact disc. Some television stations have begun transmitting HDTV broadcasts to users on a limited number of channels. HDTV generally uses digital rather than analog signal transmission. HDTV and standard definition television (SDTV) are the two categories of display formats for digital television (DTV) transmissions, which are becoming the standard. (Techtarget.com, 2008). Digital communications have become ubiquitous in modern society and encompass a wide variety of technologies. Remote controls, keyless entry devices, walkie-talkies, Bluetooth earpieces, GPS satellites, cash registers and credit cards are among the many technologies that communicate digitally with people and with other devices. Futurists have coined the term The Internet of Things to refer to the trend of enabling thousands of types of devices, from light bulbs to washing machines, with digital communication capabilities. Given the sophistication of the instantaneous transmission of digital data, it can be easy to overlook the more mundane communication activities. We store digital data on many types of physical media, including CDs, DVDs, flash drives, tape and compact memory chips. Every time you hand a friend or colleague a file, whether you transfer it electronically or pass along a DVD, you are engaged in a form of digital communication. (Sarokin. D, 2015) Importance of Digital communications in business Long, Sarah M (2010) states social life in the United States today is changing rapidly with the growing use of Web 2.0 technologies. Many realms of social life are being reorganized in different ways by the spread of computers, the internet, cell and smart phones, Ipods, and similar communications and information technologies. More business is transacted by ecommerce and many jobs are being restructured by the centrality of computers and access to the Web. Many people participate in politics through the internet, clicking to donate to political causes, sending letters to Congress via email, and mobilizing people for protests through list serves. Education ranging from K-12 to college is increasingly reliant on computers and access to information through the Web. Even personal life, ranging from family life to friendship to intimate relationships are being affected by these new technologies as all kinds of social interactions are mediated by technology. In this context, Ernst Young (2 011) states that the real imperative in a world where ‘everything’ is digitised is that businesses need to pursue innovation to disrupt their own business model before the competition does. Without innovation strategies, companies will lose their competitive advantage in an increasingly commoditised world. There is no time to lose, as technology change accelerates and new digital platforms and devices are emerging. Furthermore, the expectations of the new ‘generation Y’ or ‘digital natives’ mean that companies must keep up with the pace of change or lose relevance. It further states that businesses must use digital channels to create seamless and consistent engagement in the view of the pace of technology change that is increasing exponentially. The challenge of most businesses would be to face loss of control over the customer relationship since the proliferation of digital channels and devices gives consumers greater access to information, an d the means for communication and collaboration. The physical world is being replicated in the digital world through digital communities, businesses and assets, fundamentally changing the way consumers engage with businesses and each other. It also states the need to engage digitally with suppliers and employees. Therefore the use of use digital technology to enhance traditional business models, transform existing business models digitally and Invent entirely new business models or different engagement models. There is an increased competition and the risk of commoditization. Digital channels lower barriers to entry and increase globalisation, leading to a spiral of intensifying competition and commoditisation. Innovative organisations are taking the opportunity to diversify, bringing cross-industry convergence and blurring of the boundaries between industries. Previously physically distinct products and sectors now compete with one another, over less clearly defined customer bases. Many companies are already developing responses to the challenge of digital by moving from a transactional to an ‘interactional’ relationship with their customers. They are inviting their customers to become part of the RD process, the design process and the go-to-market. They are also encouraging them to participate in the post-sale support process, and taking advantage of ‘prosumerism’ as a low-cost way to provide service. It is through differentiation and innovation that organisations can create the shift in mindset necessary to win in the digital game. Current future trends It is assumed that the future trends in digital communication will continue to be important and digital literacy will continue to develop distinct registers. Convergence refers to the capacity to integrate technological functions in a single device. Hence, the mobile phone doubles up as camera, MP3 player and so on – or the home media system deals with music, TV, telephonics and e-mail. The general direction of convergence is to allow for access to multiple media from a single source. Convergence pairs up with portability, because as devices become more compact and wireless connection becomes more affordable and more ubiquitous, the possibilities of being able to use all media, more or less at any time or place, increase. Pervasiveness suggests that digital technologies will feature in more and more areas of everyday life, becoming even more closely interwoven with the way we get things done. As this pervasiveness increases, it is also likely that technological innovation will focus on making devices and their interfaces more transparent – in ways that touch screens and desktop icons begin to suggest. (Kaul, 2012). Digital is changing the world, and progress is not linear. In a world where a smartphone is no longer just a smartphone, but a potential revolution. Not every digital initiative will work for every organisation, and it is important to assess capability and capacity for change before deploying a digital strategy. In general, the more holistic the initiative is, the greater the chance of success.  Ernst Young (2011). The next step in digital communication as reported by Reuters (2014) in the Times of India edition is the WebRTC. This free browser-based technology looks set to change the way we communicate and collaborate, up-ending telecoms firms, online chat services like Skype and WhatsApp and remote conferencing on WebEx. Web Real-Time Communication is a proposed internet standard that would make audio and video as seamless as brows ing text and images is now. Installed as part of the browser, video chatting is just a click away with no need to download an app or register for a service. WebRTC allows anyone to embed real-time voice, data and video communications into browsers, programs more or less anything with a chip inside. The use of a WebRTC-compatible browser like Mozillas Firefox can be made to start a video call just by sending someone a link. By the end of the decade, consultants Analysys Mason reckon there will be 7 billion devices supporting WebRTC, nearly 5 billion of them smartphones or tablets. Automatic voice and video encryption means web conversations should be safe from eavesdropping or external recording. Those championing WebRTC say the technology isnt so much about challenging whats available today, but more about creating opportunities for new products and services tomorrow. Conclusion In conclusion, Das (1998) states â€Å"most of the technological developments in digital communication has been very rapid and has taken place in the last two decades. As a result , the senior professionals and academics have not been able to keep pace with these developments and therefore there is an urgent need to update the knowledge in these areas.Moreover,it is very necessary that our electrical engineering students specializing in communications must have a strong base in digital communications systems as well. The reason being the rapidly advancing price/performance capability of computing, storage, and bandwidth is contributing to an adoption rate for the digital infrastructure that is two to five times faster than previous infrastructures, such as electricity and telephone networks. (Core Edges Blog, 2009). REFERENCES Core Edges Blog, (2009) ‘Core Digital Infrastructure Technologies improve exponentially without stabilizing. 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